Archives par mot-clé : human rights

Factors influencing the implementation of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: the case of Kazakhstan

Beibit Shangirbayeva, Factors influencing the implementation of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: the case of Kazakhstan, FMSH-WP-2017-133, octobre 2017.

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The working paper is focused on the examination of legal and political factors influencing the implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in Kazakhstan. Ratification of the ICCPR brought to the changes in domestic law, but human rights problems remain the issue of concern. The author discussed the national policy of Kazakhstan through the action plans and strategic documents on protection of human rights, the national institutions on protection of human rights, the issues of separation of powers, democracy and the rule of law.

The author

Beibit Shangirbayeva studied law in Kazakhstan and after successful defense of research dissertation for Candidate’s Degree in Jurisprudence on participation of the state in international law-making, worked as lecturer at the Gumilyov Eurasian National University in Astana. She defended PhD on implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights within Politics, Human Rights and Sustainability Program at Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa, Italy. During PhD she had one year research stay at the University of Cambridge in the UK and had internship at the OHCHR Office in Geneva.

The text

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013 – MSCA-COFUND) under grant agreement n°245743 – Postdoctoral programme Braudel-IFER-FMSH, in collaboration with the Legal Theory and Analysis Centre (UMR 7074) Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense.

Résumé

Le working paper porte sur l’examen des facteurs juridiques et politiques qui influent sur la mise en oeuvre de la Convention Internationale relative aux droits civils et politiques au Kazakhstan. La ratification de cette Convention Internationale a apporté des changements dans le droit interne, mais les problèmes des droits de l’homme restent préoccupants. L’auteur a discuté de la politique nationale au Kazakhstan à partir de plans d’action et de documents stratégiques portant sur la protection des droits de l’homme, les institutions nationales de protection.

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The Right to Land and Territory : New Human Right and Collective Action Frame

Priscilla Claeys, The Right to Land and Territory : New Human Right and Collective Action Frame, FMSH-WP-2016-109, mars 2016

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Resistance against the appropriation of nature, especially land, has been one of the key struggles of the transnational agrarian movement La Via Campesina (LVC) since its inception in 1993. The issue of access to land has become even more central after the food crisis of 2007-08, in a context increasingly marked by land grabbing and climate change. This contribution addresses one of the most significant dimensions of the contemporary agrarian question – i.e. access to and control over land and natural resources –, through a critical examination of the emergence of the “right to land and territory”, both as a collective action frame deployed by transnational peasant movements, and as a new human right in international law. After describing how LVC activists have used the human rights framework to formulate land claims (II), this article discusses a number of tensions that underlie the recognition and protection of land rights, either through institutional channels (“from above”)(III), or through the defense and control of lands and territories (“from below”)(IV). It ends with a discussion of the various frames that are deployed by La Via Campesina activists in ongoing land struggles, and of the possible impact of institutional progress on these struggles.

The author

Priscilla Claeys received her PhD in Political and Social Sciences from the University of Louvain (UCL) in 2013 and is now a Postdoctoral researcher. Priscilla worked as an Advisor to the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to food from 2008 to 2014. She previously worked for a number of human rights organizations and development NGOs. Her research interests include transnational  agrarian movements, human rights, food sovereignty, the right to food, alternative food economies and the ecological transition.

The text

The ideas expressed in this article were first presented at the international Symposium “Property from Below’’ which was held at MIT on 28 February 2014 and co-organized by Balakrishnan Rajagopal and Olivier De Schutter. An earlier version of this paper  benefited  from comments by Laura Silva-Castañeda and Deborah Delgado-Pugley, and was published in French under “Droit à la terre et contrôle des territoires. Du rôle du droit dans les luttes agraires”, in Silva-Castañeda Laura et al (eds.) Au-delà de l’accaparement. Dynamiques d’exclusion et nouvelles stratégies d’accès à la terre. (Peter Lang, 2014).

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013 – MSCA-COFUND) under grant agreement n°245743 – Post-doctoral programme Braudel-IFER-FMSH, in collaboration with the Collège d’études mondiales (FMSH).

Résumé

La lutte contre l’appropriation de la nature, en particulier la terre, a été l’une des luttes clés du mouvement agraire  transnational  La  Via Campesina (LVC) depuis sa création en 1993. La question de l’accès à la terre est devenue encore plus centrale après la  crise  alimentaire de 2007-08, dans un contexte de plus en plus marqué par l’accaparement des terres et le changement climatique. Cet article traite de l’une des dimensions les plus importantes de la question agraire contemporaine – l’accès à et le contrôle des territoires et ressources naturelles -, en proposant un examen critique de l’émergence du « droit à la terre et au territoire », à la fois comme cadre d’action collective déployé par les mouvements paysans transnationaux, et comme nouveau droit humain en droit international. Après  avoir décrit comment le cadre des droits humains a été utilisé par les activistes du mouvement LVC pour formuler leurs  revendications sur la terre, cet article discute un certain nombre de tensions qui sous-tendent la reconnaissance et la protection des droits à la terre, soit par les canaux institutionnels (« par le haut »), soit par la défense et le contrôle des terres et des territoires (« par le bas »). Il se termine par une discussion des divers cadres qui sont actuellement déployés par les militants de LVC dans les luttes foncières et de l’impact possible des progrès institutionnels sur ces luttes.

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